Strigolactones as Central Integrators of Plant Development and Multistress Resilience

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Strigolactones (SLs) were initially identified as signals in root exudates that activate symbiotic fungi in the rhizosphere. However, they have since been recognized as a class of master regulators that control plant architecture, nutrient uptake, and plant responses to abiotic stresses. Plastid-derived canonical and non-canonical SLs are synthesized from carotenoid precursors and are modified in the endoplasmic reticulum. They are then recognized by the α/β-hydrolase receptor D14, which leads to the proteasomal degradation of ‘repressors’ SMXL/D53s via SCF/MAX2, ultimately reprogramming transcription. This core signaling module interacts dynamically with the abscisic acid, ethylene, auxin, and Karrikin pathways to regulate stomatal conductance, root system architecture, antioxidant defenses, and osmolyte accumulation. Under conditions of drought, high salinity, extreme temperatures, and heavy metal stress, SLs enhance stress tolerance by upregulating antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and APX), heat shock proteins (HSP70/90), cold-regulated genes, and metal-chelating mechanisms. Simultaneously, they facilitate resource allocation by suppressing shoot branching and promoting primary root growth. SLs are also key players in mutualistic symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and likely rhizobia, linking the plant’s nutrient status to the recruitment of relevant microbial partners. Recent evidence also suggests a role for SLs in systemic signaling and in the regulation of circadian stress responses. Here, we compile this information to suggest that, beyond functioning as a developmental hormone, SLs are central components of a plant-wide resilience network. We propose that targeted manipulation of SL biosynthesis or signaling genes offers a promising approach to developing climate-resilient crops with improved nutrient use efficiency and reduced reliance on chemical inputs, both of which are crucial for ensuring sustainable food security in a changing environment.

[Springer] Strigolactones as Central Integrators of Plant Development and Multistress Resilience

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